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malaria vaccine
Malaria vaccines are an area of intensive research. Emergence of artemisinin and multi-drug resistant strains of especially ''P. falciparum'' are driving research. Current approaches are focusing on recombinant protein and attenuated whole organism vaccines. Various vaccines have reached the state of clinical trials; most demonstrated insufficient immunogenicity. There is no practical or effective vaccine that has been introduced into clinical practice.
== Context ==
The global burden of ''P. falciparum'' malaria increased through the 1990s due to drug-resistant parasites and insecticide-resistant mosquitoes; this is illustrated by re-emergence of the disease in areas that had been previously malaria-free. The first decade of the 21st century has seen reduction. Though the reasons are not entirely clear, improving socioeconomic indices, deployment of artemisinin-combination drugs and insecticide-treated bednets are all likely to have contributed. Early evidence of resistance to artemisinins, the most important class of antimalarials, is now confirmed in the region of the Cambodia/Thailand border, Colombia, and Guinea. Chloroquine, the most effective anti-malarial ever developed, deployed since the 1930s, is now ineffective against ''P. falciparum'' and only marginally effective against ''P. vivax''. It is agreed that eradication is not possible with current tools and that research and development of a cost-effective deployable vaccine among other measures, will be needed to facilitate eradication. There has been a great increase in funding for such research in the 21st century. In the genus plasmodium, there are five parasites that cause different types of malaria and each of the plasmodium exist in differently in some part of the world. CitationAccording to White et al., “Five species of the genus Plasmodium cause all malarial infections in human beings. Most cases are caused by either Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium vivax, but human infections can also be caused by Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malaria.
Vaccines are often the most cost-effective tools for public health. They have historically contributed to a reduction in the spread and burden of infectious diseases and have played the major part in previous elimination campaigns for smallpox and the ongoing polio and measles initiatives. Yet no effective vaccine for malaria has so far been developed. Despite this, researchers remain hopeful. Optimism is justified for several reasons, the first of these being that individuals who are exposed to the parasite in endemic countries develop acquired immunity against disease and death. Such immunity does not however prevent malarial infection; immune individuals often harbour asymptomatic parasites in their blood. Additionally, research shows that if immunoglobulin is taken from immune adults, purified and then given to individuals who have no protective immunity, some protection can be gained. In addition to this, clinical and animal studies have shown that experimental vaccination has some degree of success when using attenuated sporozites and using the RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine candidate.
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